Background & Aims: Empathy plays an important role in patient’s relationship with his/her dentist or doctor. One of the most used tools for evaluation of empathy is the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-Health Professionals Version (JSPE-HP). The aim of this study was to validate the JSPE-HP for use among Iranian population.Methods: The English original version of the JSPE-HP questionnaire was translated into Persian language by a forward–backward translation method. Reliability was tested on 30 Dental and Medical students. Then validity and internal consistency were tested on 554 students.Results: The reliability coefficient (Cronbach's alpha) of the JSPE-HP was excellent (alpha: 0.83). The coefficient of test re-test reliability measured by ICC (Intra class correlation coefficient) was 0.82 (CI 95%: 0.80-0.87). Freshman students had higher scores than other students and this difference was significant (P=0.03). There was no significant difference on empathy scores between Dental and Medical students.Conclusion: The overall findings of this study indicate that the Persian version of the JSPE is a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating physician-patient empathy in Iranian Population.

Background: Eye-tracking methods are among the tools used to assess neonatal pain. This study systematically reviews newborn pain identification by Health Professionals versus non-Professionals.  Objectives: This study aims to systematically review the newborn pain identification by Health Professionals versus non-Professionals. Methods: This was a systematic review conducted following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis guidelines. The research question was to compare newborn pain identification by Health Professionals versus non-Professionals. A comprehensive search was conducted in the following databases: Medline via PubMed, Clarivate Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The search was done until December 2022 using the following keywords: Pain identification, pain perception, infant, neonate and newborn. The data were extracted based on the inclusion criteria. Articles were assessed by two researchers and any discrepancies were resolved by a third author. After the selection process, 6 papers were included in this systematic review. The study protocol is registered in PROSPERO with identification number CRD42022347654. Results: This systematic review revealed that the process of pain assessment in newborns is different according to the decision of a Health professional and a non-Health professional; therefore, equipping the newborn intensive care unit with verified instruments and their frequent use may help improve communication among caregivers and Health Professionals.  Conclusions: Additional efforts are required to improve the knowledge of both Health Professionals and non-Health Professionals in the process of pain assessment and management according to the age groups of neonates.

The fourth assessment report (2007) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has confirmed the strong evidence of climate change, which represents one of the defining challenges of the 21st century. The anthropogenic accumulation of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emis¬sions in the atmosphere are responsible for these changes. In 2008, at the World Health Assembly, the World Health Organization (WHO) has urged the global community to engage more actively responding to climate change and the impending Health risk, particularly in vulnerable geographic regions and in poorly resourced populations.1 The world’s poor are likely to be the most vulnerable to predicted climate changes due to; 1) absence of well-functioning socio-political and economic infrastructures and good governance that would facilitate adaptation to climate perturbations; and 2) inherent low capacity of the poor to adapt to changes in the biological and physical systems on which they depend for their basic livelihoods…